BANCROFT    LIBRARY 


THE   TERRITORY 


ARIZONA; 


A  BRIEF  HISTORY  AND  SUMMARY 


TERRITORY'S  ACQUISITION,  ORGANIZATION,  AND 

MINERAL,   AGRICULTURAL  AND  GRAZING  RE- 

SOURCES;   EMBRACING  A   REVIEW   OF  ITS 

INDIAN  TRIBES—  THEIR  DEPREDATIONS 

AND  SUBJUGATION;  AND  SHOWING 

IN  BRIEF  THE  PRESENT  CONDI- 

TION   AND    PROSPECTS     OF 

THE   TERRITORY. 


By  Authority  of  the  Legislature. 


TUCSON: 

Printed  at  The  Citizen  Office, 
1874. 


CONTENTS: 

Act  Authorizing  Publication 1 

Preface 2 

Acquisition  and  Organization  of  the  Territory 3 

Counties 4 

Principal  Towns . 6 

Rivers  of  Arizona 10 

Mountains 12 

Agriculture,   Mining,  etc 14 

Grazing 18 

Mines  and  Mining 18 

Plants  and  Trees 21 

Climate 23 

Wagon  Roads  and  Mail  Routes 26 

Railroads  and  Telegraphs 27 

Ancient  Ruins 28 

Manufactories 29 

The  Indian  Tribes 30 

Schools 36 

Military  36 

Federal  Officers  of  the  Territory 37 

Taxation  and  Finance 38 

Crimes ...  38 


r- 


AN  ACT 

TO  AUTHORIZE  THE  PUBLICATION  OF  INFORMATION  OF  THE  RESOURCES 
OF  THE  TERRITORY  OF  ARIZONA. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  the  Territory  of 
Arizona  : 

SECTION  1.  That  A.  P.  K.  Safford  is  hereby  coastituted  and  appointed  a  Commis- 
.sioner  to  prepare  and  cause  to  be  published  reliable  information  upon  the  pastoral, 
mineral,  agricultural,  and  other  resources  of  the  Territory  ;  also  the  cost  and  facil- 
ities of  coming  to  the  Territory  by  the  different  railroads,  stage  routes  and  emigrant 
roads;  and  such  other  information  as  he  may  consider  of  value  to  persons  desiring 
to  emigrate  to  this  Territory. 

SEC.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  Commissioner  to  preppre  the  information 
.aforesaid  by  January  1, 1874  ;  and  he  is  hereby  authorized  to  contract  for  the  publi- 
cation of  three  thousand  copies  in  pamphlet  form  upon  such  reasonable  terms  as 
he  may  deem  just  and  right  ;  provided,  that  the  total  expense  for  publishing  and 
-distributing  them  shall  not  exceed  three  hundred  dollars. 

SEC.  3.  Upon  the  completion  of  said  publication  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Com- 
missioner, he  shall  certify  to  the  Territorial  Auditor  the  amount  due  for  said  work, 
and  to  whom  ;  and  the  Territorial  Auditor  shall  draw  his  warrant  for  the  amount 
in  favor  of  the  person  to  whom  the  same  is  due,  as  shall  appear  by  the  certificate  of 
said  Commissioner ;  and  the  Territorial  Treasurer  is  hereby  authorized  and  di- 
rected to  pay  said  warrant  out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appro- 
priate i. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Commissioner  to  distribute  said  pamphlets 
in  such  a  manner  as  will  give  them  the  widest  and  most  useful  circulation,  and 
that  twenty  copies  shall  be  furnished  to  each  member  of  the  Legislative  Assem- 
bly. 

SEC.  5.    This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 

APPROVED  February  13, 1873. 


PREFACE. 


In  preparing  this  pamphlet  description  of  Arizona  and  its- 
E/esources,  the  writer  has  endeavored  to  give  as  briefly  as  pos- 
sible such  information  as  persons  desiring  to  come  here  would 
most  want  to  know.  The  limited  appropriation  of  $300  for 
printing  and  distributing,  rendered  it  impossible  to  describe  in 
a  satisfactory  manner  all  that  would  be  desired  by  those  seek- 
ing for  information,  but  it  is  believed  enough  has  been  said  to 
convince  any  candid  man  that  there  is  here  room  for  a  large 
number  of  honest,  sober,  industrious  people,  where  they  can 
obtain  homes  in  a  mild  climate  and  in  a  few  years  become 
independent.  To  others  who  will  not  move,  but  waste  their 
time  in  complaining  of  their  ill  luck,  and  of  the  country  that 
does  not  make  them  rich  without  an  effort,  I  would  say  that 
there  is  no  room  or  opportunities  for  them  here.  We  want  a 
live,  energetic  people,  with  strong  arms  and  willing  hearts  to 
cover  our  plains  with  herds,  to  cultivate  our  fields  and  open 
our  mines  of  gold  and  silver;  we  want  families  who  will  favor 
education  and  help  to  build  school  houses  and  establish  schools, 
so  that  every  child  may  be  given  an  education.  With  such  a 
people  we  can  soon  make  Arizona  the  fairest  star  in  the  con- 
stellation of  States. 

A.  P.  K   SAFFOBD, 

Commissioner- 


Acquisition  and  Organization  of  the  Territory. 


The  portion  of  Arizona  lying  north  of  the  Gila  river,  was 
obtained  from  the  Government  of  Mexico,  under  the  treaty  of 
Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  February  2d,  1848,  and  the  portion  lying 
south  of  the  Gila,  was  obtained  by  purchase  from  the  Govern- 
ment of  Mexico,  under  the  treaty  made  by  James  Gaddsen,  on 
the  part  of  the  United  States,  at  Mexico,  December  30,  1853; 
and  extends  west  from  the  109  deg.  meridian  of  longitude  to 
the  115th  deg.,  and  north  from  31  deg.  20  sec.  of  north  latitude 
to  the  37th  deg.  parallel;  and  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Ne- 
vada and  Utah;  on  the  east  by  New  Mexico;  on  the  south  by 
Sonora,  and  on  the  west  by  California  and  Nevada,  and  con- 
tains 77,383,680  acres  of  land. 

The  act  of  Congress  providing  for  the  organization  of  Ari- 
zona became  a  law  February  24,  1863,  and  the  Territory  was 
formally  organized  by  the  Territorial  officers  at  Navajo  Springs, 
forty  miles  west  of  Zuni,  December  29th,  1863.  The  officers 
there  took  the  oath  of  office.  Governor  Goodwin  issued  a  proc- 
lamation, and  Hon.  K.  C.  McCormick,  then  Secretary  of  the 
Territory,  made  the  following  address : 

GENTLEMEN: — As  the  properly  qualified  officer,  it  becomes  my  duty 
to  inaugurate  the  proceedings  of  the  day.  After  a  long  and  trying 
journey  we  have  arrived  within  the  limits  of  the  Territory  of  Arizona. 
These  broad  plains  and  hills  form  a  part  of  the  district  over  which,  as 
the  representatives  of  the  United  States,  we  are  to  establish  a  civil 
government.  , Happily,  although  claimed  by  those  now  in  hostility  to 
the  Federal  arms,  we  take  possession  of  the  Territory  without  resort  to 
military  force.  The  flag,  which  I  hoist  in  token  of  my  authority,  is 
no  new  and  untried  banner.  For  nearly  a  century  it  has  been  the 
recognized,  the  honored,  the  loved  emblem  of  law  and  liberty.  From 
Canada  to  Mexico,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  millions  of  strong 
arms  are  raised  in  its  defence,  and  above  the  efforts  of  all  foreign  or 
domestic  foes,  it  is  destined  to  live  untarnished  and  transcendent. 


COUNTIES. 


Counties. 

The  Territory  is  divided  into  five  counties,  viz:  Pima,  Yuma, 
Mohave,  Yavapai,  and  Maricopa. 

PIMA   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Gila  river;  on 
the  east  by  New  Mexico;  on  the  south  by  Sonora,  and  on  the 
west  by  Yuma  county.  It  is  the  oldest  inhabited  county  in  the 
Territory,  and  contains  the  most  population.  The  western  end 
of  the  county,  to  a  line  drawn  north  and  south  from  the  Gila 
river  to  the  Sonora  line,  and  passing  a  few  miles  west  of  Tucson, 
is  uninhabited  after  leaving  the  Gila  river,  except  by  the  Pap- 
ago  Indians,  whose  habitation  will  hereafter  be  described.  This 
belt  of  country  is  composed  of  plains,  covered  with  grass,  and 
considerable  portions  of  it  with  mesquite  wood,  and  broken  or 
detached  chains  of  mountains.  Wherever  water  can  be  found, 
grazing  is  excellent,  and  experience  in  sinking  wells  demon- 
strates that  water  may  be  procured  almost  anywhere  in  Arizona 
—but  without  thus  increasing  the  supply  of  water,  much  of 
this  section  must  remain  valueless. 

The  county  south  of  the  Gila  and  east  of  the  line  heretofore 
mentioned,  is  watered  by  the  San  Pedro  aiul  Santa  Cruz  rivers 
and  several  smaller  streams,  and  is  composed  of  plains,  valleys 
and  broken  chains  of  mountains.  Nearly  every  portion  of  it  is 
covered  with  nutritious  grasses ;  live  oak  and  mesquite  grow  in 
abundance  for  fuel,  on  the  plains  and  in  the  valleys,  and  many 
of  tlie  mountains  are  covered  with  excellent  forests  of  timber. 
No  better  grazing  country  can  be  found,  and  it  is  nearly  all  yet 
unoccupied.  The  valleys  possess  excellent  agricultural  advan- 
tages ;  with  irrigation  two  crops  are  annually  produced  on  the 
same  land .  Many  of  these  valleys  were  settled  by  the  Catho- 
lic fathers  over  one  hundred  years  ago,  and  a  history  of  the 
changes  that  have  since  ensued  would  fill  a  large  volume.  It 
is  sufficient  to  say  that  over  a  century  ago,  these  fathers,  at- 
tracted by  the  salubrity  of  the  climate  and  the  fertility  of  the 
soil,  established  several  missions,  improved  farms,  introduced 
herds,  and  built  churches,  one  of  which  is  still  well  preserved, 


COUNTIES.  5 

(the  San  Xavier,  nine  miles  south  of  Tucson),  and  for  style  of 
architecture  and  solidity  of  construction,  is  admired  by  all  who 
see  it. 

YUMA     COUNTY. 

This  county  is  formed  out  of  the  southwestern  portion  of  the 
Territory,  and  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Colorado  river. 
The  Gila  river  runs  about  150  miles  in  a  westerly  course  through 
its  valley.  The  balance  of  the  country  is  mostly  high  table 
land,  with  frequent  broken  mountains,  and  is  generally  desti- 
tute of  water;  portions  of  the  year  these  lands  are  covered 
with  excellent  grass,  but  until  water  is  increased  by  sinking- 
wells,  the  larger  portion  of  this  belt  of  country  will  be  of  little 
value. 

MOHAVE    COUNTY. 

This  county  is  formed  out  of  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
Territory,  and  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Colorado  river. 
The  portion  lying  east  of  the  Colorado  river  is  generally  rolling 
and  hilly,  covered  with  nutritious  grasses  and  an  abundance  of 
wood  and  timber.  Stock  thrives  the  }'ear  through  without 
prepared  food.  There  is  a  free  pasturage  in  this  county  alone, 
yet  unoccupied,  for  immense  herds,  and  many  valleys  of  excel- 
lent agricultural  lands. 

YAVAPAI     COUNTY. 

This  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  west  by  Mohave 
county;  on  the  east  by  New  Mexico,  and  the  south  by  Maricopa 
county.  Nearly  the  entire  county  has  an  elevation  of  from  five 
thousand  to  six  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and 
several  mountains  rise  to  the  highth  of  12,000  to  14,000  feet. 
It  contains  large  forests  of  excellent  timber,  and  many  valleys 
superior  for  agriculture.  Grass  is  abundant  everywhere,  and 
the  advantages  for  stock  raising  cannot  be  excelled.  Consider- 
able attention  has  been  paid  to  farming,  and  with  the  excep- 
tion of  three  dry  seasons,  the  yield  has  been  equal  to  that  of 
other  favored  grain  growing  States.  The  farmers  of  this  county 
have  depended  entirely  upon  the  rainfall  to  grow  their  crops. 
Experience  seems  to  prove  that  irrigation  will  have  to  be  re- 
is  orted  to  in  order  to  insure  a  certain  yield. 


6  PRINCIPAL   TOWNS. 

MARICOPA   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Yavapai  county;  on 
the  east  by  New  Mexico;  on  the  south  by  the  Gila  river,  or 
Pima  county,  and  on  the  west  by  Yuma.  The  people  are  nearly 
all  engaged  in  agriculture,  and  are  mostly  located  in  Salt  River 
Yalley.  This  valley  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  productive 
in  the  Territory;  has  been  settled  less  than  six  years,  and  now 
contains  sufficient  population  to  sustain  a  county  government. 
The  lands  are  cultivated  by  irrigation,  and  there  is  an  abun- 
dance of  water  in  Salt  River  for  the  use  of  a  vast  extent  of  coun- 
try. The  people  who  settled  here  commenced  with  little  or 
no  means,  and  by  industry  and  economy  have  constructed  irri- 
gating canals  and  made  improved  farms,  and  are  now  in  a  pros- 
perous and  comparatively  independent  position. 


Principal  Towns. 

TUCSON  is  located  in  the  Santa  Cruz  Yalley,  three  hundred 
miles  east  of  Arizona  City,  on  the  overland  road  from  San 
Diego,  California,  to  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico;  is  the  capital  of 
the  Territory,  and  the  county  seat  of  Pima  county,  and  has  a 
population  of  about  thirty-five  hundred.  It  has  been  a  town 
of  some  importance  for  about  a  century.  The  Mexican  Gov- 
ernment had  a  military  post  here  before  the  country  was  ceded 
to  the  United  States,  and  it  is  now  the  principal  place  for  the 
exchange  of  commodities  between  Arizona  and  Sonora.  The 
people  of  that  country  bring  here  wheat,  barley,  corn,  fruits, 
salt,  coarse  sugar,  tobacco,  cigars,  and  other  products  of  their 
country,  and  exchange  them  for  goods  and  money.  Tucson 
contains  a  number  of  heavy  mercantile  houses,  a  drug  store, 
news  depot,  one  saw  mill,  various  hotels  and  restaurants,  sev- 
eral shoemaker  and  tailor  shops,  two  breweries,  a  number  of 
meat  markets,  and  several  bakeries.  The  Arizona  Citizen, 
owned  and  edited  by  John  Wasson,  is  published  here.  It  is 
issued  weekly,  and  is  an  able  exponent  of  the  sentiment  of  the 
people  and  the  true  interests  of  the  country.  The  professions 
are  represented  by  three  practicing  physicians,  and  three  law- 
yers. The  Supreme  Court  holds  annual  sessions  here.  There 
are  two  public  free  schools  in  successful  operation,  in  charge 


PRINCIPAL   TOWNS.  7 

of  able  and  experienced  teachers.  The  daily  average  attend- 
ance is  about  seventy-five,  and  the  number  is  constantly  in- 
creasing. The  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph  have  a  Seminary  for  young 
ladies,  which  is  quite  well  attended.  The  Catholics  have  a 
church,  (the  only  one  here),  that  is  well  attended  and  supported. 
The  town  is  built  almost  entirely  of  adobes,  and  its  plan  gives 
it  the  appearance  of  a  Mexican  town.  Seven-eighths  of  the 
population  are  Mexican,  and  the  Spanish  language  is  more 
spoken  than  the  English. 

PRESCOTT  is  located  155  miles  east  of  the  Colorado  Biver  by 
the  wagon  road,  and  403  miles  west  of  Albuquerque,  New 
Mexico.  It  is  the  county  seat  of  the  county,  and  the  head- 
quarters for  the  Military  Department  of  Arizona;  coutaining  a 
population  of  about  1,200;  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  valley, 
surrounded  by  a  forest  of  pines.  The  buildings  are  generally 
constructed  of  wood,  and  have  the  appearance  of  taste  and 
comfort.  Its  green  hills,  tall  pines  and  productive  gardens, 
give  it  an  appearance  of  beauty  and  comfort  rarely  excelled. 
The  people  are  energetic  and  enterprising,  and  have  used  every 
possible  exertion  to  overcome  the  obstacles  of  Indian  hostilities, 
high  transportation,  and  to  develop  the  resources  of  the  coun- 
try .  They  are  justly  proud  of  their  mountain  home,  and  gen- 
erally desire  to  remain  there  for  life.  It  contains  several  large 
mercantile  houses,  two  of  which  are  fire-proof,  and  would  do 
credit  to  any  old  settled  town.  Several  carpenter,  wagon  and 
blacksmith  shops,  a  drug  store  and  news  depot,  and  saloons. 
Tailor  and  shoemaker  shops,  two  breweries,  a  match  factory, 
and  near  town  a  good  saw  mill  that  affords  lumber  at  reasona- 
ble rates  to  the  country  around.  The  Arizona  Daily  and 
Weekly  Miner,  edited  by  John  H.  Marion,  is  published  here. 
It  is  ably  conducted  and  is  justly  appreciated  for  the  fidelity 
with  which  it  has  sustained  the  interests  of  the  Territory  and 
given  publicity  to  its  vast  undeveloped  resources.  A  good 
public  free  school  is  now  in  operation,  in  charge  of  a  most 
excellent  teacher;  the  daily  average  attendance  is  about  forty, 
and  a  good  school  house  has  been  erected  at  a  cost  of  $2,000. 
A  Methodist  missionary  holds  service  Sundays,  but  no  church 
has  yet  been  erected.  The  professions  are  represented  by  two 
practicing  physicians  and  four  lawyers. 

ARIZONA  CITY  is  located  at  the  junction  of  the  Gila  and  Colo- 


8  PBINCIPAL   TOWNS. 

rado  rivers ;  is  the  county  seat  of  Yuma  county,  and  contains  &, 
population  of  about  1,200 — one-third  American  and  two-thirds 
Mexican.  It  is  the  principal  military  depot  of  supplies  for  the 
troops  of  Southern  Arizona,  and  the  goods  shipped  to  mer- 
chants in  Southern  Arizona  are  landed  at  this  point.  It  con- 
tains several  large  mercantile  houses,  a  drug  store,  carpenter: 
wagon  and  blacksmith  shops,  news  depot,  tailor  and  shoe  shops, 
and  one  brewery.  The  Arizona  Sentinel  is  published  here,  and 
is  owned  and  edited  by  Judge  William  J.  Berry.  The  present 
proprietor  has  but  recently  taken  possession  of  the  paper,  but 
is  an  old  and  esteemed  resident  of  the  Territory,  and  under  his 
charge  the  Sentinel  has  been  molded  into  an  excellent  local 
paper.  A  good  school  house  has  been  erected  and  a  free  public 
school,  in  charge  of  an  experienced  teacher,  is  now  being 
taught.  The  number  of  children  requires  another  teacher,  and 
one  has  already  been  engaged.  One  church  (Catholic)  has 
been  erected.  The  professions  have  one  lawyer  and  two  physi- 
cians. 

EHEENBUKG  is  located  by  the  river  140  miles  above  Arizona, 
City,  on  the  Colorado;  contains  a  population  of  about  400,  and 
is  the  principal  shipping  point  for  Central  Arizona.  It  has 
been  built  within  the  past  two  years,  and  was  the  rival  of  La 
Paz,  located  five  miles  above,  but  the  superior  advantages  for 
delivering  goods  at  this  landing,  caused  the  rapid  decline  of  La 
Paz,  which  is  now  nearly  depopulated.  It  contains  several 
large  forwarding  and  commission  houses,  blacksmith  and  wagon 
shops,  and  in  addition  to  the  trade  with  Central  Arizona,  large 
amounts  of  goods  are  sold  to  supply  the  mines  up  the  Colorado 
river.  A  free  school  has  been  open  in  this  place  three  months 
during  the  present  year,  and  it  is  anticipated  that  it  will  be 
kept  open  at  least  six  months  during  the  year  to  come. 

PHCENIX  is  located  in  Salt  Eiver  valley,  twenty-five  miles 
above  the  confluence  of  the  Gila  and  Salt  rivers.  It  is  the 
county  seat  of  Maricopa  county,  and  has  been  selected  as  the 
site  for  the  Territorial  Penitentiary,  though  no  buildings  have 
yet  been  erected.  It  contains  a  number  of  stores,  saloons, 
hotels  and  livery  stables;  also  carpenter,  blacksmith  and  wagon 
shops.  The  largest  flouring  mill  in  the  Territory  is  located  at 
Mill  City,  four  miles  distant,  and  is  owned  by  W.  B.  Hellings- 


PRINCIPAL   TOWNS.  9' 

&  Co .  A  good  school  house  has  been  erected  here,  and  a  most 
excellent  free  school  is  now  being  taught,  and  is  attended 
by  about  forty  pupils.  Six  miles  below  another  school  dis- 
trict has  been  organized  and  a  school  house  erected.  A  free 
school  has  been  open  in  this  district  four  months  during 
the  year.  Keligious  services  are  held,  usually  on  Sundays,  by 
a  Methodist  clergyman.  There  are  two  physicians  and  four 
lawyers  in  this  place. 

FLORENCE  is  pleasantly  located  at  the  head  of  the  farming  set- 
tlement on  the  Gila  river,  about  eighty  miles  north  of  Tucson.  It 
contains  several  mercantile  houses,  blacksmith  shops,  and  has 
a  Catholic  Church.  Kows  of  trees  have  been  planted  along 
the  streets,  and  it  is  destined  to  be  one  of  the  most  pleasant 
towns  in  the  Territory.  The  inhabitants  have  just  completed 
a  good  school  house,  and  a  free  school  is  now  open,  which  is 
attended  by  about  forty. pupils. 

SANFORD  is  located  on  the  Gila,  about  four  miles  below  Flor- 
ence. Bichard  &  Co.  have  a  flour  mill  and  store  at  this  place.. 

HARDYVILLE  is  located  on  the  Colorado  river,  and  is  practi- 
cally at  the  head  of  navigation,  though  steamers  sometimes  go 
as  high  up  the  river  as  El  Dorado  Canyon,  and  one  several 
years  ago  went  as  high  as  Colviile.  It  is  the  depot  for  supplies 
for  the  Wallapai  and  other  mining  districts  in  Mohave  county. 
It  was  formerly  the  county  seat,  but  the  last  Legislature  re- 
moved it.  The  principal  part  of  the  town  was  burned  about 
two  years  ago,  and  but  a  small  portion  of  it  has  since  been 
re-built. 

CERBAT  is  located  thirty  miles  east  of  Hardy ville,  in  the 
Wallapai  mining  district,  and  is  the  county  seat  of  Mohave 
county.  It  contains  several  mercantile  houses,  saloons,  black- 
smith shops,  and  one  furnace  for  the  smelting  of  gold  and  sil- 
ver ore.  It  is  in  the  center  of  a  rich  mining  district,  and  is 
destined  to  be  a  town  of  considerable  importance.  A  free  school 
has  been  open  in  this  place  during  six  months  of  the  year. 
Two  physicians  and  two  lawyers  reside  here . 

MINERAL  PARK  is  located  six  miles  north  from  Cerbat.  A 
small  quartz  mill  has  been  erected  here,  but  on  account  of 


10  RIVERS   OF   ARIZONA. 

imperfect  machinery  it  lias  not  been  made  a  success.  This 
town  is  centrally  located,  and  with  the  development  of  the  rich 
mines  that  surround  it,  will  undoubtedly  become  a  town  of 
-considerable  importance. 

CHLORIDE  is  located  three  miles  north  of  Mineral  Park,  in 
the  center  of  a  very  rich  mining  section,  but  as  yet  the  mines 
have  been  but  little  developed,  and  the  town  has  not  assumed 
much  importance . 

WICKENBURG  is  located  on  Hassayampa  creek,  in  Yavapai 
county,  about  ninety  miles  south  of  Prescott.  It  contains  two 
stores,  a  hotel  and  blacksmith  shop,  and  is  centrally  located  in 
.a  very  rich  mining  section. 

Rivers    of    Arizona. 

Green  and  Grand  rivers  form  the  head  of  the  Colorado .  The 
former  rises  in  Idaho  and  runs  a  southerly  course  and  unites 
with  Grand  river  in  Utah;  the  latter  rising  in  Colorado  Terri- 
tory and  running  a  southwesterly  course  to  its  junction  with 
Green  river.  After  these  two  rivers  unite,  the  stream  takes  the 
name  Colorado,  and  runs  in  a  southerly  course  and  empties  into 
the  north  end  of  the  Gulf  of  California.  It  forms  the  boun- 
dary line  between  the  State  of  California  and  Arizona,  from 
the  35th  parallel  of  north  latitude,  thence  down  said  river.  It 
is  navigable  a  distance  of  about  five  hundred  miles.  Owing  to 
the  constant  drifting  and  washing  away  of  the  sandy  alluvial 
soil  through  which  it  passes,  the  water  is  of  a  reddish  color, 
.and  thus  the  name  Colorado,  meaning  red  river.  The  water  is 
soft  and  very  healthful.  The  river  passes  through  an  immense 
gorge  for  a  considerable  distance  after  entering  the  northern 
part  of  the  Territory.  The  perpendicular  walls  that  rise  on 
either  side  many  hundreds  of  feet,  and  the  seething,  foaming 
torrent  that  forces  its  way  through  these  rock-bound  passages, 
form  a  sight  wonderful  to  behold.  From  Hardyville  down  to 
the  mouth  of  the  river  there  are  several  hundred  thousand 
acres  of  bottom  land,  capable  of  producing  almost  any  thing 
that  springs  from  the  earth ;  but  the  river  is  constantly  chang- 
ing its  channel,  and  unless  some  means  can  be  devised  to 


RIVERS   OF   ARIZONA.  11 

control  its  waters,  a  large  portion  of  these  lands  will  be  value- 
less for  agriculture.  There  is  no  question  that  they  will  pro- 
duce most  excellent  cotton  and  rice,  and  the  time  may  come 
when  engineering  skill  will  redeem  them  from  the  devastation 
of  the  waters  of  the  Colorado;  and  when  that  time  comes,  a 
rich  field  for  an  immense  population  will  be  opened.  The 
principal  tributaries  emptying  into  the  Colorado,  in  Arizona, 
are  the  Gila,  Little  Colorado,  Virgin  and  Bill  "Williams'  Fork. 

The  Gila  river  rises  in  the  Mogollon  mountains  in  New 
Mexico  and  runs  a  westerly  course  across  Arizona,  and  empties 
into  the  Colorado  at  Arizona  City.  The  valley  of  the  Gila  is 
in  many  places  from  two  to  ten  miles  in  width,  and  the  soil  is 
most  excellent  for  agricultural  purposes,  and  the  advantages  for 
a  free  pasture  on  either  side,  as  far  away  as  animals  can  feed, 
where  they  will  thrive  the  year  through  without  prepared  food, 
can  hardly  be  over-estimated.  The  agricultural  resources  of 
this  valley  will  be  referred  to  hereafter. 

The  Little  Colorado  rises  in  New  Mexico,  and  runs  in  a 
northwesterly  direction  and  empties  into  the  Colorado  about 
fifty  miles  south  of  the  Utah  line.  There  is  some  excellent 
farming  land  on  this  river,  and  superior  grazing  advantages. 
Considerable  stock  has  been  brought  there  during  the  present 
year  from  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

The  Virgin  river  rises  in  Utah  and  runs  south  into  the  Col- 
orado. 

Bill  Williams'  Fork  rises  in  Arizona  and  runs  westerly  to  the 
Colorado  It  has  very  good  grazing  advantages,  and  some 
agriculture. 

Salt  river  heads  in  the  White  mountains  and  runs  a  south- 
westerly direction  and  empties  into  the  Gila.  The  upper  por- 
tion runs  through  a  mountainous  country,  well  supplied  with 
wood,  timber  and  grass.  The  lower  portion  opens  into  a  broad 
valley,  which  extends  to  the  Gila  river.  This  valley  contains 
the  largest  amount  of  agricultural  land  to  be  found  in  one  body 
in  the  Territory,  and  Salt  river  has  the  largest  volume  of  water 
except  the  Colorado.  A  more  definite  description  of  the  agri- 
cultural resources  of  this  section  will  be  given  hereafter. 

The  San  Pedra  river  rises  in  Sonora  and  runs  in  a  northwest- 


12  MOUNTAINS. 

erly  direction  and  empties  into  the  Gila.  Its  valley  is  of  a  rich 
alluvial  soil  and  is  very  productive ;  the  table  lands  on  either 
side  are  well  supplied  with  nutritious  grasses,  and  afford  one 
of  the  best  stock  ranges  in  the  Territory. 

The  Santa  Cruz  rises  in  Sonora,  near  the  line,  and  runs  in  a 
northwesterly  direction  towards  the  Gila,  but  sinks  a  few  miles 
below  Tucson.  The  valley  of  this  river  contains  rich  agricul- 
tural lands,  and  grazing  on  either  side  is  excellent. 

The  Yerde  rises  in  the  San  Francisco  mountains  and  runs  in 
a  southerly  direction  and  empties  into  Salt  river;  the  valley 
contains  some  excellent  agricultural  lands,  with  excellent  graz- 
ing advantages.  Many  of  the  mountains  through  which  it  runs 
are  covered  with  pine  forests. 

There  are  many  smaller  streams,  such  as  the  Francisco,  Bo- 
nito,  Negro.  Barbecornera,  Cipacui,  Tonto,  Cherry,  etc . 


Mountains. 

That  portion  of  the  Territory  north  of  a  line  drawn  east  and 
west  from  Prescott,  is  called  by  Lieutenant  Wheeler,  in  his 
excellent  report  to  the  War  Department,  in  1871,  the  Colorado 
Plateau .  He  says :  ' '  This  vast  plateau  extends  over  the  whole 
of  Northern  Arizona,  from  near  Hualapai  valley  to  the  east. 
Throughout  its  whole  extent,  at  least  that  portion  which  I  trav- 
eled over,  the  rolling  hills  are,  as  a  general  thing,  covered  with 
grass."  In  this  belt  of  country  there  are  several  prominent 
elevated  mountain  peaks.  The  San  Francisco  has  the  greatest 
altitude  of  any  in  the  Territory,  rising  about  13,000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  There  is  very  little  regularity  to  the  moun- 
tains of  Arizona.  The  plateau  above  referred  to,  has  an  eleva- 
tion of  6,000  to  7,000  feet,  and  the  most  prominent  mountain 
peaks  or  ranges  are  the  San  Francisco,  Bill  Williams,  Mount 
Floyd,  Mt.  Kendrick,  Humphrey's  Peak,  Cerbat  Range, 
Juniper  Range  and  Black  Forest.  East  of  the  Verde  and 
south  of  a  line  drawn  east  from  Prescott  and  north  of  the  Gila, 
are  the  Pinal,  Apache,  Mazatzal,  Sierra  Ancha,  Mogollon  and 
White  Mountains.  These  mountains  are  mostly  covered  with 
excellent  timber,  and  the  mountains  and  high  table  lands  are 
covered  with  grass.  It  may  be  truly  said  that  these  mountains 


MOUNTAINS.  13 

have  been  not  only  a  home,  but  the  stronghold  of  the  Apaches. 
The  country  is  difficult  of  access  and  contains  caverns  and  per- 
pendicular gorges  with  which  the  Apaches  were  familiar,  and 
from  which  for  centuries  they  have  sallied  forth  to  murder  and 
rob  the  people  of  Arizona,  Sonora  and  Chihuahua;  and  until  Gen. 
Crook,  about  a  year  ago,  penetrated  these  mountain  fastnesses 
with  his  troops  and  Indian  allies,  they  had  been  masters  of  the 
situation,  and  had  successfully  resisted  all  attempts  to  dislodge 
them.  There  are  still  a  few  roving  Apaches  in  these  moun- 
tains, but  the  number  is  too  small  for  them  to  undertake  raid- 
ing upon  the  surrounding  country,  and  scouting  parties  are 
constantly  pursuing  them,  and  they  will  soon  be  exterminated 
if  they  do  not  surrender  and  consent  to  live  at  peace  on  the 
Reservations. 

A  large  portion  of  the  country  above  described  is  known  to 
contain  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead  and  iron  ores,  in  greater  or 
less  abundance ;  good  coal,  and  large  deposits  of  pure  salt  have 
also  been  found;  but  until  recently  there  has  been  no  opportu- 
nity to  prospect  the  region,  except  with  a  large  party,  and  by 
such  very  few  discoveries  have  ever  been  made. 

A  line  drawn  west  from  Prescott  to  the  Colorado  and  east  to 
the  Verde,  and  including  that  country  west  of  the  Yerde  and 
east  of  the  Colorado  and  north  of  the  Gila,  may  be  described 
as  follows:  The  northeastern  part  is  a  high  plateau,  well  timr 
bered  and  covered  with  grass,  and  contains  many  productive 
valleys;  the  most  prominent  mountain  ranges  or  peaks  are  the 
Bradshaw,  Granite  and  Antelope.  The  country  gradually  de- 
scends on  the  west  over  rolling  hills,  then  broad  plains,  with 
here  and  there  isolated  ragged  mountains  to  the  Colorado  river, 
the  country  being  mostly  covered  with  grass  and  well  adapted 
to  stock-raising;  and  south  with  a  gradual  descent  over  about 
the  same  kind  of  country  into  the  valleys  of  Salt  and  Gila  rivers. 
The  country  south  of  the  Gila  to  the  Sonora  line,  and  east  of 
the  Colorado  to  New  Mexico,  may  be  described  as  composed  of 
vast  plains  with  numerous  broken  mountains,  in  every  shape, 
and  running  in  all  directions.  The  largest  and  most  prominent 
mountains  in  this  section  are  the  Chiricahua,  Huachuca,  Santa 
Rita,  Patagonia,  Dragoon,  Graham,  Turnbull  and  San  Catariua. 


14  AGRICULTURE,    MINING,    ETC. 

The  Santa  Eita  is  the  highest  of  these  mountains,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  be  about  10,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Many 
of  the  above  mountains  are  covered  with  forests  of  excellent 
timber,  while  the  plains  are  well  wooded  with  mesquite  and 
live  oaks.  Nearly  the  whole  country  is  covered  with  excellent 
grass,  and  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead  abound  in  all  of  them . 
Many  old  abandoned  mines  are  found  that  were  worked  centu- 
ries ago,  the  work  probably  having  been  stopped  by  the  hostile 
Apaches.  The  agricultural  valleys  of  this  region  will  be  de- 
scribed hereafter. 


Agriculture,    Mining,   Etc. 

The  Legislature  passed  an  act  requiring  the  Assessors  to  take 
the  statistics  of  the  counties  at  the  time  of  making  their  annual 
assessments,  but  in  Yavapai  county  the  statistics  were  not  taken, 
and  in  others  but  partially.  The  following  is  a  synopsis,  and 
the  information  will  be  of  considerable  value;  and  it  is  hoped 
that  during  next  year  the  work  will  be  more  carefully  attended 
to,  so  that  a  complete  exhibit  may  be  made  of  the  amount  and 
class  of  grain  produced,  the  cost  of  producing,  and  the  price 
received. 

PIMA  COUNTY. — Number  of  acres  planted  with  the  various 
kinds  of  grain  and  ^egetables,  5,869;  average  yield  of  wheat 
and  barley  per  acre,  1,500  pounds;  average  yield  of  corn  per 
acre,  2,000;  average  yield  of  potatoes  per  acre,  4,000  pounds. 
Average  price  of  cultivation:  Wheat  and  barley  per  acre, 
$15;  corn  and  potatoes,  $20.  Average  price  received :  Wheat, 
barley  and  corn,  2 J  cents  per  pound;  potatoes  five  cents  per 
pound.  P.  E.  Brady  planted  seven  acres  of  sugar  cane  on  the 
Gila  river  r.nd  reports  the  cost  of  cultivation  per  acre  at  $25, 
making  a  total  cost  of  $175,  from  which  he  made  sugar  and 
molasses  worth  $350.  A  large  number  of  fruit  trees  and  vines 
have  been  planted  recently,  but  are  yet  too  young  to  bear. 
Number  of  horses,  291;  cattle,  3,862;  hogs,  585;  mules,  174. 

P.  E .  Brady  &  Co.  have  one  flouring  mill  on  the  Gila  river,  and 
the  amount  of  flour  made  during  the  year  is  reported  at  360,000 
pounds.  Bichard  &  Co.  have  a  flouring  mill  on  the  Gila,  but 


AGRICULTURE,    MINING,    ETC.  15<: 

the  amount  of  flour  made  is  not  reported.  Jesus  Estrada  has- 
a  flouring  mill  on  the  Gila,  and  reports  having  made  100,000 
pounds  of  flour.  James  Lee  has  a  steam  flouring  mill  in  Tuc- 
son, and  reports  having  made  during  the  year  600,000  pounds 
of  flour;  he  also  has  a  water  flouring  mill  near  Tucson,  with 
which  he  made  during  the  year  364,400  pounds.  Victorano 
Mestis  has  a  water  flouring  mill  on  the  San  Pedro,  with  which 
he  reports  having  made  1,000  pounds  per  day. 

Mr.  James  Lee  also  has  a  sawmill  in  Tucson,  in  connec- 
tion with  his  flouring  mill.  A  number  of  patents  for  mines 
have  been  applied  for  during  the  year,  and  some  ore  has  been 
shipped  and  smelted,  but  no  report  has  been  made  upon  this 
branch  of  industry.  * 

YUMA  COUNTY. — But  a  meager  report  was  made  on  the  pro- 
ducts of  this  county.  The  Assessor  reports  the  yield  of  corn, 
beans,  barley  and  wheat  to  be  twenty-five  bushels  per  acre,' 
the  cost  of  raising  corn,  barley  and  wheat  to  be  $5  per  acre? 
and  the  cost  of  raising  beans  to  be  $10  per  acre;  and  the  aver- 
age price  received  to  be,  for  corn  and  barley,  $1  70;  beans, 
$2  75;  wheat,  $160  per  bushel.  The  number  of  horses  is  re- 
ported to  be  143;  cattle,  1,507;  hogs,  114;  mules,  356;  asses, 
66;  goats,  90.  Considerable  ore  was  shipped  from  the  Castle 
Dome  district  during  the  year,  but  no  report  of  the  amount  or 
yield  has  been  made. 

MARICOPA  COUNTY. — Total  number  of  acres  planted,  9,447.. 
Number  of  acres  with  barley,  6,298 — 7,557,600  pounds;  wheat, 
2,884—2,884,000  pounds;  alfalfa,  65—1,300,000  pounds;  corn, 
300 — 300,000  pounds.  Average  yield  per  acre  of  wheat,  1,000 
pounds;  barley,  1,200;  corn,  1,000;  alfalfa,  20,000.  Expense  of 
cultivating  per  acre,  $15 ;  price  received  per  pound,  1 J  cents , 
Number  of  fruit  trees  planted:  Peach,  1802;  apple,  483;  apri- 
cots, 54;  oranges,  37.  Number  of  grapevines,  22,282.  Most 
of  the  fruit  trees  are  too  young  to  bear.  The  grapes  yield 
well,  and  the  climate  and  soil  seem  well  adapted  to  their  growth. 
Number  of  horses  reported  to  be  197;  mules,  120;  cattle,  698;; 
hogs,  1,500;  sheep,  340.  One  flouring  mill,  producing  two- 
million  pounds. 

MOHAVE  COUNTY. — The  yield  of  produce  is  reported  to  be  as, 


16  AGRICULTUKE,    MINING,    ETC. 

follows:  Potatoes,  125  bushels  per  acre;  corn,  30;  cabbage, 
five  tons  per  acre;  onions,  two;  melons,  400;  pumpkins,  three 
tons;  sorghum,  12.  The  expense  of  cultivation  is  reported,  for 
potatoes,  $40  per  acre;  corn,  $35;  cabbage,  $150;  onions,  $100; 
sorghum,  $50 .  Average  price  received :  For  potatoes,  nine  cents 
per  pound;  corn,  eight;  cabbage  15;  onions,  15;  pumpkins, 
one;  sorghum,  $30  per  ton.  Number  of  cattle,  412;  horses  and 
mules,  335;  jacks,  13;  hogs,  32.  Yield  of  mines  reported  as 
follows:  Arnold  mine,  2,440  tons — average  per  ton,  $488;  Sun- 
day School,  3,000— $508;  Silver  Hill,  15,000— $60;  Chas.  Gross, 
-5,000— $100;  Sixty-Three,  25,000— $400;  Little  Chief,  1,600 
—$800;  Cupel  Tiger,  3000— $350;  Jackson,  2,000— $300;  New 
Era,  5,000— $400;  Lone  Star,  6,000  — $300;  Diana,  2,000— 
$350.  There  are  four  arastras,  three  furnaces,  one  five-stamp 
quartz-mill,  one  saw-mill,  and  one  steam  hoisting  works,  in  the 
Bounty . 

The  principal  agricultural  settlements  are  located  in  Chino, 
Agua  Fria,  Williamson,  Walnut  Grove,  Peoples,  Kirkland,  and 
Skull  valleys.  The  land  in  these  valleys  is  rich  and  very  pro- 
ductive. There  is  very  little  water  for  irrigation,  and  the  three 
past  years  have  been  so  dry  that  crops  have  been  poor .  With 
artesian  wells  there  is  but  little  doubt  that  water  may  be  devel- 
oped sufficiently  to  make  crops  sure  every  year.  Salt  River 
settlement  in  Maricopa  county,  is  the  largest  farming  settle- 
ment in  the  Territory.  The  number  of  acres  planted,  yield, 
etc.,  are  given  in  the  statistics  of  Maricopa  county.  In  this 
valley  there  is  a  large  amount  of  excellent  land  yet  unoccupied, 
which  is  open  for  pre-emption  and  purchase  to  actual  settlers 
.at  $2  50  per  acre,  and  all  lands  outside  of  railroad  reserves, 
$1  25  per  acre;  and  there  is  plenty  of  water  unappropriated  in 
Salt  river.  Good  improved  farms  with  water  rights  can  be 
purchased  at  reasonable  rates. 

The  highest  settlement  on  the  Gila  is  at  Pueblo  Viejo,  about 
fifty  miles  west  of  the  New  Mexican  line  and  about  three  hun- 
dred and  fifty  above  the  junction  'of  the  Gila  and  Colorado. 
This  valley  contains  about  70,000  acres  of  most  excellent  land, 
and  nearly  all  of  it  is  unoccupied  and  open  for  settlement.  The 
yield  of  products  in  this  valley  the  past  season  was  extraordi- 
nary, and  it  is  centrally  located  for  a  market  at  military  posts 


AGRICULTUKE,  MINING,  ETC.  17 

and  Indian  Eeservations.  The  grazing  advantages  of  this  set- 
tlement are  very  superior.  Those  located  there  are  quite  anxious 
for  families  to  come  and  settle  with  them,  and  will  give  to  such 
every  assistance  in  their  power.  Twenty-five  miles  below  this 
settlement  a  few  families  have  located,  and  cut  a  large  ditch  for 
irrigating  purposes.  There  are  25,000  acres  in  one  body  at 
this  point  of  most  excellent  land,  most  of  which  is  still  unoc- 
cupied. The  settlers  at  this  point  are  very  desirous  for  the 
immigration  of  families,  and  will  render  them  every  possible 
assistance.  Twenty-five  miles  further  down,  the  San  Carlos 
Apaches  are  located  on  a  Reserve. 

The  next  settlement  on  the  Gila  is  at  Florence.  The  valley 
at  this  point  is  cultivated  for  a  distance  of  fifteen  miles,  and 
includes  within  it  the  town  of  Sanford.  The  land  is  rich  and 
productive.  Nearly  all  the  land  is  under  cultivation  that  can 
be  supplied  with  water  for  irrigating  purposes,  but  farms  can 
be  purchased  on  reasonable  terms.  The  next  farming  settle- 
ment below  is  at  Gila  Bend.  This  settlement  is  new,  and  there 
is  plenty  of  unoccupied  land  and  water  for  a  large  number  of 
immigrants.  From  Gila  Bend  to  the  mouth  of  the  Gila,  the 
land  is  principally  unoccupied. 

The  vallej  of  the  Santa  Cruz  is  quite  extensively  cultivated 
at  and  near  Tucson.  Some  of  this  land  has  been  under  con- 
tinuous cultivation  for  over  a  century,  generally  producing  two 
crops  each  year.  It  has  never  been  enriched,  and  still  produ- 
ces excellent  crops.  There  are  farms  on  the  Santa  Cruz  at  in- 
tervals for  a  distance  of  seventy-live  miles.  The  grazing  in  the 
valley  and  on  the  table  lands  adjacent,  is  superb.  The  Senoita 
valley  unites  with  the  Santa  Cruz  about  sixty  miles  above  Tuc- 
son. It  is  a  very  rich  small  valley,  and  contains  several  good 
farms.  The  San  Pedro  contains  a  settlement  located  a  short  dis- 
tance below  the  Overland  road.  About  eight  hundred  acres  were 
cultivated  at  that  point  this  year.  There  is  no  better  land  in 
the  Territory.  The  valley  of  the  Colorado  is  but  very  little  cul- 
tivated except  by  Indian?. 


18  GRAZING. 

Grazing. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  enter  into  a  description  of  the  grazing 
lands  of  Arizona.  Enough  has  already  been  said  to  show  that 
the  grazing  advantages  are  superior.  There  are  hundreds  of 
excellent  locations  unoccupied  and  room  for  millions  of  stock, 
and  by  reference  to  the  statistics  it  will  be  seen  that  we  have 
but  a  few  thousand.  Though  the  attention  of  stock-raisers  is 
being  turned  to  the  superior  advantages  of  this  Territory,  and  at 
this  time  large  herds  of  cattle  and  sheep  are  being  driven  here. 
No  disease  has  yet  appeared  among  sheep  or  cattle. 

Mines  and  Mining. 

It  is  impossible,  in  the  limited  space  afforded  in  this  pamphlet, 
to  give  an  adequate  idea  of  the  mines  of  this  Territory.  There 
is  scarcely  a  mountain  or  hill  within  the  Territory  that  does  not 
contain  veins  of  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead.  Owing  to  various 
causes,  principally  Indian  hostilities,  this  vast  wealth  has  been 
but  little  developed,  and  is  yet  but  imperfectly  understood.  I 
shall  only  attempt  to  refer  to  a  few  of  the  most  prominent  min- 
ing districts,  and,  in  order  to  make  the  reference  as  brief  as  pos- 
sible, I  shall  class  them  by  counties. 

YUMA  COUNTY. — Gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead  are  found  in 
lodes  near  the  Colorado  river,  the  entire  length  of  the  county ; 
also  placer  gold  in  considerable  sums  has  been  extracted.  No 
effort  has  been  made  to  conduct  water  to  these  mines ;  the  gold 
has  generally  been  obtained  by  what  is  called  the  dry  washing 
process.  To  pay  by  this  process,  the  mines  must  necessarily  be 
very  rich,  but  if  water  could  be  obtained,  they  would  undoubt- 
edly pay  well,  even  when  once  worked  by  the  other  process. 

Many  lodes  of  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead  have  been  located, 
and  quite  a  profitable  business  engaged  in  by  shipping  the  ores 
via  the  Colorado  river  to  San  Francisco.  The  success  of  these 
enterprises  would  warrant  the  belief  that  by  the  erection  of  ma- 
chinery and  properly  opening  the  mines,  they  could  be  made 
very  profitable  to  the  owners.  Along  the  southern  border  of  the 
county,  extensive  and  rich  mines  of  copper  ara  found,  but  owing 


GRAZING.  19 

to  the  high  rate  of  transportation  have  not  yet  been  made  to 

pay- 

MOHAVE  COUNTY. — It  has  been  known  since  the  organization 
of  the  Territory,  that  nearly  all  the  mountains  in  this  county 
contained  lodes  of  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead,  and,  in  1863,  an 
attempt  was  made  to  develop  and  work  some  of  these  lodes ; 
some  machinery  was  erected  and  considerable  money  expended, 
but,  as  has  been  the  case  in  nearly  all  new  mining  counties,  hos- 
tility of  Indians,  extravagance,  want  of  experience,  etc.,  the  in- 
vestments proved  disastrous,  and  the  mining  interest  has  been 
paralyzed. 

About  two  years  ago,  operations  were  again  commenced  and 
quite  a  mining  settlement  has  sprung  up  at  Wallapai  about 
30  miles  East  of  the  Colorado  river.  A  vast  number  of  new 
mines  have  been  discovered,  and  new  districts  have  been  formed 
for  many  miles  around.  It  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  sta- 
tistics of  Mohave  county  that  the  ores  that  have  been  shipped 
and  worked  are  remarkably  rich,  and  from  frequent  personal  ex- 
amination, I  am  convinced  that  with  capital  prudently  invested 
this  will  prove  to  be  one  of  the  richest  and  most  extensive  min- 
ing sections  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

YAVAPAI  COUNTY. — Owing  to  the  hostility  of  the  Apache  In- 
dians, prospecting  and  mining  has  been  much  retarded  over  a 
large  portion  of  the  county,  but  sufficient  explorations  have  been 
made  to  demonstrate  the  fact  that  it  contains  extensively  rich 
mines  of  gold  and  silver — scarcely  a  mountain  has  been  exam- 
ined that  does  not  show  rich  deposits  of  these  metals.  Placer 
gold  is  found  over  a  large  extent  of  country,  and  during  wet 
seasons  these  surface  mines  are  worked  with  great  profit. 

For  three  years  water  has  been  scarce,  and  but  little  work  has 
been  done  on  the  immense  gravel  beds  found  near  Prescott,  'but 
from  present  appearances  a  bountiful  supply  will  be  had  the 
coming  Spring ;  and  with  a  plentiful  supply  of  water,  thousands 
of  men  could  obtain  employment  near  Prescott  in  placer  mining. 
The  discovery  of  gold  and  silver  quartz  lodes  are  so  numerous 
that  it  is  out  of  the  question  to  give  room  in  this  pamphlet  to 
mention  but  one  or  two  of  the  leading  ones  :  The  Yulture  mine 
at  Wickenburg  is  principally  of  gold  ore;  the  lode  is  large  and 
well  defined.  A  forty.stamp  mill  erected  at  Wickenburg  was 


ZO  i  GRAZING. 

kept  constantly  employed  crushing  ore  from  tliis  mine  for  sev- 
eral years,  but  owing  to  the  great  cost  of  bringing  the  ore  from* 
the  mine  to  the  mill,  a  distance  of  15  miles,  and  mismanagement 
of  those  who  controlled  it,  work  was  some  time  ago  suspended  ; 
but  there  is  in  sight  at  the  mine  thousands  of  tons  of  free  gold 
ore,  worth  $15  to  $25  per  ton,  and  the  time  is  not  far  distant 
when  it  will  again  be  worked  with  profit.  Messrs.  Smith  and 
Taylor,  two  practical  mining  and  mill  men  have  for  the  past  six 
months  been  running  a  ten-stamp  mill  on  an  extension  of  this 
lode  with  great  profit,  probably  not  making  less  than  $200  per 
day,  after  paying  all  expenses.  In  the  Bradshaw  district  the- 
Tiger  lode  gives  promise  of  taking  an  important  position  beside 
the  great  silver  bearing  mines  of  Mexico  and  the  United  States.. 
The  lode  is  wide  and  regular  in  its  formation  ;  a  careful  assay  of 
about  TOO  tons  on  the  dump  shows  the  ore  to  be  worth  $100  per 
ton,  and  from  this,  35  tons  were  selected  and  shipped  to  San> 
Francisco,  and  was  disposed  of  for  $17,000.  There  are  also- 
many  other  valuable  mines  in  this  distri-ct.  Considerable  gold 
is  being  taken  out  by  arastras  in  this  district,  at  Prescott,  Wal- 
nut Grove  and  Antelope,  and  without  the  aid  of  capital.  Our 
hardy  miners,  now  that  the  Apaches  have  been  made  quiet,  wilt 
eoon  demonstrate  with  gold  and  silver  bars  the  mineral  wealth 
of  the  Territory. 

MARICOPA  COUNTY. — But  very  little  prospecting  has  been  done 
in  this  county,  but  sufficient  to  demonstrate  the  existence  of 
veins  of  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead  in  nearly  all  the  mountains- 
The  most  important  discovery  yet  made  is  the  Silver  Queen., 
twenty  miles  north  of  Florence ;  and  most  excellent  prospects 
have  been  found  in  the  Final  mountains.  An  excellent  vein  of 
coal  has  been  found  near  Camp  Apache,  and  also  a  mountain  oi 
pure  salt  on  Salt  river.  Many  legends  have  been  told  by  cap- 
tives who  have  escaped  from  the  Indians,  and  by  Indians  who> 
have  been  taken  as  prisoners,  of  the  existence  somewhere  in  this- 
section  of  rich  placer  mines,  but  all  efforts  to  find  them  have  so> 
far  proved  futile. 

PIMA  COUNTY. — Xearly  all  the  mountains  contain   veins  of 
gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead,  and  long  before  the  country  was 
purchased  from  Mexico,  gold  and  silver  mining  was  earned  ou 
to  a  considerable  extent.     After  the  purchase,  the  attention  of 
capitalists  was  attracted  here,  and  considerable  money  was  in- 


PLANTS  AND   TKEES.  21 

vested  with  fair  prospects  of  success.  About  this  time,  the  Great 
Rebellion  broke  out,  and  the  Confederate  forces  took  possession 
^and  confiscated  or  destroyed  all  property  known  to  belong  to 
Union  men  ;  then  the  Union  forces  re-took  the  country  and  con- 
fiscated or  destroyed  all  property  known  to  belong  to  those  in 
; sympathy  with  the  Rebellion,  and  the  Indians  and  marauding 
bands  took  what  was  left  irrespective  of  creed  or  parties.  This 
•effectually  destroyed  all  mining  enterprises,  and  it  is  only  until 
within  the  past  year  that  any  effort  has  been  made  to  revive  the 
mining  interest  During  this  time,  considerable  prospecting 
lias  been  done,  and  a  number  of  patents  have  been  applied  for. 
'Sufficient  developments  have  been  made  to  warrant  the  belief 
that  with  capital  well  directed,  a  very  extensive  mining  field 
would  soon  be  opened.  Certainly  there  is  an  abundance  of  ore, 
and  assays  and  working  tests  show  that  it  can  be  worked  to 
great  profit. 

Plants  and  Trees, 

Nearly  every  variety  of  wood  and  plant  that  grows  in  other 
portions  of  the  United  States  is  found  in  Arizona,  and  some  that 
-cannot  be  found  except  along  this  southern  belt  of  country. 
Many  varieties  of  the  cactus  species  are  found.  The  most  noted 
Is  the  suwarrow,  which  grows  to  the  hight  of  thirty  to  fifty  feet, 
:and  from  ten  to  twelve  inches  in  thickness ;  the  main  trunk  is 
straight  and  has  numerous  branches  or  prongs  which  grow  from 
the  main  trunk  in  all  manner  of  curious  shapes.  Blossoms 
spring  from  the  top  of  the  main  trunk  in  Spring,  and  when  in 
full  bloom  the  top  looks  as  though  it  were  decorated  with  a  large, 
beautiful  bouquet.  These  blossoms  ripen  by  July  into  sweet  fruit 
the  size  of  figs,  which  is  much  prized  by  the  natives.  The  out- 
side of  the  suwarrow  is  green,  and  covered  with  regular  rows  of 
thorns  running  from  top  to  bottom  from  two  to  three  inches 
long.  The  inside  is  supported  with  ribs  of  wood  one-half  inch 
in  thickness.  This  wood  is  used  for  covering  houses  and  for 
fuel. 

The  Amole,  when  once  known  and  appreciated,  will  be  con- 
sidered among  the  most  valuable  natural  productions  of  our 
•country.  It  grows  three  or  four  feet  high,  and  has  long,  sharp, 


22  PLANTS   AND   TEEES. 

pointed  leaves  in  the  shape  of  a  bayonet.  The  root  is  exten- 
sively used  in  place  of  soap,  and  in  many  respects  is  far  superior 
to  any  soap  that  is  made.  The  hair  washed  with  it  remains  soft 
and  glossy  for  days  without  the  use  of  oil,  and  flannel  clothes 
are  perfectly  cleansed  by  its  use  without  shrinking.  There  is  an 
abundance  in  the  Territory  to  supply  the  markets  of  the  world, 
and  the  time  may  come  when  it  will  be  much  sought  after. 

The  Maguey  or  Mescal  is  the  most  useful  of  all  the  natural 
products  of  the  Territory.  The  Apache  Indians  derive  the  most 
of  their  subsistence  from  it.  It  grows  in  nearly  every  part  of  Mex- 
ico, and  is  made  a  source  of  great  profit  in  many  portions  of  that 
country.  In  the  United  States  it  is  only  found  in  Arizona  and 
a  portion  of  ISTew  Mexico.  It  has  a  large  head,  something  like  a 
cabbage,  that  grows  a  few  inches  from  the  ground,  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  numerous  detached  leaves,  each  one  stiff  and  sharp 
as  a  needle,  and  from  the  center  a  stock  grows  eight  to  ten  ieet 
in  hight,  and  from  two  to  three  inches  in  diameter.  The  stock 
is  juicy,  sweet  and  very  palatable,  but  the  head  is  the  valuable 
part  of  the  plant.  The  Indians  cut  this  head  out  and  roast  it ; 
after  this,  it  is  ready  for  use.  It  is  sweet  and  nutritious.  They 
pound  it  and  make  it  in  the  shape  of  mats,  and  in  this  way  pre- 
serve it  a  long  time.  Its  juice  is  often  extracted,  and  when  boil- 
ed down,  makes  a  sirup  as  delicious  as  honey ;  and  by  fermen- 
tation, an  intoxicating  liquor  is  made  that  is  called  tizwin.  The 
Mexicans  distill  it  and  make  'mescal.'  This  liquor  looks  like  gin 
and  tastes  like  Scotch  whisky,  and  is  as  intoxicating  as  either, 
and  is  preferred  to  almost  any  other  liquor  by  the  Mexicans.  Be- 
fore the  tax  was  levied  on  the  distillation  of  liquors,  large  quan- 
tities were  made  in  the  Territory;  but  since  that  time  the  man- 
ufacture of  it  has  been  transferred  to  Sonora,  and  the  makers- 
take  the  chances  of  smuggling  it  in  without  the  payment  of  du- 
ties. The  fiber  of  the  mescal  makes  excellent  ropes,  and  cloth 
.and  paper  have  been  made  from  it. 

The  Mesquite  or  Gum  Arabic  tree  grows  over  nearly  every 
part  of  Central  and  Southern  Arizona.  The  tree  is  low  and 
bushy,  and  seldom  grows  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter ;  the  leaf 
resembles  the  locust :  the  \vood  is  solid  and  makes  excellent  fuel,. 


CLIMATE. 


23 


and  is  extensively  used  in  making  wagons.  Guin  Arabic  of  an 
excellent  quality  oozes  from  it  in  considerable  quantities.  It  is 
most  plentitul  in  the  months  of  May  and  October.  It  also  bears 
large  quantities  of  beans  which  in  shape  resemble  the  ordinary 
bean.  They  are  nutritious,  and  all  kinds  of  stock  thrive  upon 
them.  The  Indians  gather  them  in  large  quantities  and  grind 
them  into  flour,  which  affords  the  larger  share  of  their  subsist- 
ence, when  not  fed  on  Reservations. 


Climate. 

For  the  purpose  of  giving  a  correct  understanding  of  the  cli- 
mate of  the  Territory,  a  letter  was  addressed  to  each  of  the  mili- 
tary posts  of  the  Territory,  for  a  record  of  the  temperature  at 
said  posts,  for  a  year  past ;  and  for  the  following  tables  I  am  in- 
debted to  Assistant  Surgeon  Henry  Lippincott,  Camp  Lowell ; 
Assistant  Surgeon  Geo.  McC.  Miller,  Camp  Grant ;  Acting  As- 
sistant Surgeon  Win.  A.  Tompkins,  Camp  Mohave  ;  Acting  As- 
sistant Surgeon  J.  Reagles,  Camp  Beale  Springs ;  Acting  Assist- 
ant Surgeon  L.  Sanderson,  Camp  Yerde;  Assistant  Surgeon 
Geo.  S.  Rose,  Fort  Yuma;  Acting  Assistant  Surgeon  L.  N. 
Clark,  Camp  McDowell ;  and  Acting  Assistant  Surgeon  I.  A. 
Freeman,  Camp  Bowie. 


AVERAGE   TEMPERATURE  AT  OAMP  MOHAVE,  MOHAVE  COUNTY. 


November   1872         ........  

Max. 
69.13 

Min. 

41.76 

Mean. 

55.45 

December,     u           

66.61 

36.48 

51.54 

January,   1873         

65.01 

44.58 

54.83 

February      "                  .           ....         

64.46 

33.96 

49.21 

March,         "             

82.06 

24.25 

52.11 

April            " 

83.04 

31.05 

56.15 

^r111?                    

May              " 

91.07 

37.00 

64.11 

j  ? 
June             "   

105.19 

47.00 

76.31 

Julv             " 

108.51 

61.48 

78.54 

August         u                           

102.48 

58.35 

81.69 

September,  u   ,  

100.03 

55.21 

77.90 

October.       "    . 

86.09 

44.13 

65.35 

24 


CLIMATE. 


AVERAGE  TEMPERATURE  AT  CAMP  BEAL  SPRINGS,  MOHAVE  Co. 


April  

7A.M. 

62 

2  P.  M 

77 

.  9  P.  M 

55 

.    Mean. 

65.19 

May  ....          

64 

78 

fn 

78.05 

June         

77 

96 

74 

82.13 

July 

89! 

109, 

80 

88.33 

August   .    .           .                       .          .... 

74 

99 

75 

80.06 

September  ... 

70 

93 

71 

78.55 

October  

57 

79 

58 

62.99 

November.  . 

50 

78 

52 

58.55 

AVERAGE  TEMPERATURE  AT  CAMP  GRANT,  PIMA  COUNTY. 


Daily 


November,  1872  

40.69 

62.56 

50.45 

52.13 

December,      "     

44.83 

60.64 

51.22 

52.23 

January,  1873  

40.67 

61.38 

48.59 

49.72 

.February     "                                  .... 

43  85 

61  64 

50  37 

51  74 

Average  mean  for  four  months  .... 
April                  .      .           

42.85 
54'  83 

62.56 
74.63 

50.45 
5600 

52.13 

61  92 

Mav 

6435 

82.51 

6438 

7041 

June  

75  06 

94.00 

75.63 

81  59 

July.. 

84.80 

98.58 

82.80 

88.02 

**v 

Au£TUSt  .  . 

69.64 

89.12 

76.09 

78.50 

September          

67.63 

91.16 

67.76 

75.51 

October 

52  22 

81  16 

55.32 

62  90 

November.  . 

41.86 

69.30 

42.66 

51.27 

AVERAGE  TEMPERATURE  AT  CAMP  LOWELL,  PIMA  COUNTY — NEAR 

TUCSON. 

Monthly 


January,  1873    ....                      .... 

7  A.  M. 

36.29 

2  P.  M. 

69.61 

9P.M. 

49.83 

Mean. 

51.69 

February  ,  ,  

39.67 

69.07 

52.25 

52.64 

March 

48  06 

8296 

64.38 

65  12 

April       *              .    . 

5236 

86  03 

66.00 

68.13 

May             .        .          

66.32 

91.61 

74.25 

77.39 

June  

76.26 

103.20 

83.60 

87.54 

July  

80.41 

103.86 

84.51 

89.59 

August  

7393 

92.12 

79.61 

81.89 

September  

68  96 

94.63 

76.83 

80.23 

October  .... 

57.54 

87.38 

67.41 

70.78 

November  

48  23 

7496 

56.53 

59.83 

December  .  . 

43.03 

69.08 

52.54 

54.90 

CLIMATE. 


25 


AVERAGE    TEMPERATURE   AT   CAMP  YERDE,    YAYAPAI    COUNTY. 


Greatest 
Heat. 


Lowest 
Heat. 


Monthly 
Mean. 


December,      u     .        

69 

16 

54 

January,  1873          .          

69 

10 

49 

February  . 

63 

20 

43 

March 

80 

34 

3S 

April          

90 

31 

61 

Mav                                                       .  .'  .  . 

95 

45 

67 

t    J 

J  une                                        .             .    . 

112 

52 

80 

July                              

113 

61 

84 

Ausrust  .  . 

102 

68 

81 

September          

97 

50 

75 

October.  . 

95 

25 

61 

AVERAGE  TEMPERATURE  AT  FORT  YUMAJ  OPPOSITE  SIDE  OF  THE 
RIVER  FROM  ARIZONA  CITY,  YUMA  COUNTY. 


ISovember,  1872             .... 

Mo.  Mean 

60.36 

Highest. 
80.00 

Lowest, 

42.00 

December       u 

5733 

7900 

38  00 

January,  1873. 

57.77 

80.00 

49.50 

February  ....          

55.41 

76.00 

41.33 

March  ....                    ...          

69.29 

92.00 

42.00 

April  

70.47 

98.00 

42,00 

Mav  . 

7747 

98.00 

54.00 

June  

87.97 

112.00 

62.00 

Julv  .  . 

93.38 

112.00 

69.00 

"V 

August  .... 

85.31 

106.00 

71.00 

September 

8481 

105.00 

5900 

October  .  . 

72.84 

100.00 

48.00 

AVERAGE   TEMPERATURE   AT  CAMP   McDowELL,  MARICOPA  Co. 


November,  1872.  ...                  

Mo.  Mean. 

53.43 

Highest. 

60.66 

Lowest. 

44.33 

December,      " 

53  01 

61.00 

41.00 

January,  1873  .... 

50.57 

60.00 

40.33 

Eebruary  

50.07 

69.33 

41.33 

March  

61.78 

71.33 

52.33 

April  .... 

6936 

81.00 

46.00 

May... 

7643 

85.66 

65.00 

T    J                                         
J  une  

88.69 

94.66 

76.66 

July.    . 

93  01 

101.00 

86.33 

August.  . 

86.09 

96.00 

81.00 

September  

78.77 

89.33 

79.33 

October  .  . 

70.86 

88.33 

61.00 

26  WAGON   ROADS   AND   MAIL   ROUTES. 

AVERAGE  TEMPERATURE  AT  CAMP  BOWIE,  PIMA  COUNTY. 


Mo.  Mean.    Highest.      Lowest. 


November,  1872  

65.56 

75 

22 

December,     "     ....          .         .          .... 

62.09 

79 

30 

January,  18  73  ....         

54.34 

68 

Zero 

February                       ..... 

56.00 

65 

26 

March 

7274 

85 

32 

April       .                     .... 

78.33 

82 

32 

May              .... 

83.69 

90 

59 

June  .... 

93.03 

104 

69 

July  

96.87 

101 

72 

August                                  

8625 

96 

64 

September         ...         .  .        

9040 

97 

60 

October.  . 

80.32 

94 

42 

The  general  health  of  the  Territory  is  good,  and  for  persons 
afflicted  with  bronchial  or  lung  complaints,  the  climate  is  very 
beneficial.  Many  who  were  on  the  decline  with  consumption 
have  been  restored  to  health  in  this  salubrious  climate. 

In  some  localities,  and  generally  near  swamp  land,  some  chills 
and  fever  prevail  during  the  months  of  August  and  September. 
These  levers  are  of  a  mild  type,  and  are  easily  broken.  But  the 
larger  part  of  the  Territory  is  free  from  malarial  diseases. 

Wagon  Roads  and  Mail  Routes. 

A  tri- weekly  mail  is  carried  from  Messilla,  New  Mexico,  to 
Los  Angeles  in  California,  passing  through  Arizona  via  Camp 
Bowie,  Tucson,  Florence,  Sanford;  thence  following  the  Gila 
down  to  Arizona  City  ;  thence  to  San  Diego,  California.  It  is 
two  hundred  miles  from  Sari  Diego  to  Arizona  City,  and  three 
hundred  from  Arizona  City  to  Tucson.  A  very  good  stage  line 
makes  regular  trips  in  five  days  between  these  points ;  fare  from 
San  Diego  to  Tucson,  $90.  A  semi-weekly  mail  is  carried  from 
San  Bernardino,  California,  to  Prescott,  via  Ehrenberg  and 
Wickenberg.  Passengers  are  carried  through  on  this  line  in  six 
days  ;  fare,  $75.  A  semi- weekly  mail  is  carried  from  Tucson 
via  Sanford,  Florence,  Camp  McDowell,  Phoenix  and  Wicken- 
berg to  Prescott ;  distance,  two  hundred  and  eighty  miles. 
Passengers  are  carried  through  in  five  days ;  fare,  $50.  A  semi- 


BAILED  ADS  AND   TELEGRAPHS.  27 

weekly  mail  is  carried  from  Arizona  City  up  the  Colorado  via 
Ehrenberg,  Camp  Mohave,  Hardy ville ;  thence  to  St.  George  in> 
Utah  Territory.  A  weekly  mail  is  carried  from  Prescott  via: 
Camp  Beal  Springs.  Cerbat,  Mineral  Park  and  Chloride  to 
Hardyville.  A  weekly  mail  is  carried  from  Tucson  to  the  So- 
nora  line,  connecting  with  the  Sonora  mail  at  Sasabi  Flat ;  also 
a  weekly  mail  from  Tucson  to  Tubac,  Kitchen's  Ranch  and 
Camp  Crittenden. 

Immigrants  desiring  to  come  here  from  the  East  will  find  two- 
excellent  roads  with  plenty  of  grass  and  wood ;  water  in  a  few 
places  is  scarce,  but  with  a  little  care  no  trouble  need  be  en- 
countered. If  immigrants  desire  to  come  to  the  northern  or 
central  portion  of  the  Territory,  they  will  find  the  road  via  Al- 
buquerque, thence  to  Prescott,  preferable ;  but  if  to  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  Territory,  the  old  Overland  Road  via  Messilla  i& 
the  better  route.  Immigrants  from  the  Pacific  Coast,  if  they  de- 
sire to  come  to  northern  or  central  Arizona,  will  find  the  short- 
est and  best  road  to  be  from  Los  Angeles  and  San  Bernardino  via 
Ehrenberg  or  Hardyville ;  and  those  desiring  to  come  to  south- 
ern Arizona,  from  San  Diego  via  Arizona  City. 

Goods  are  freighted  over  the  routes  before  mentioned  at  a  cost 
of  about  twelve  cents  per  pound  laid  down  at  Prescott  or  Tuc- 
son. The  Colorado  Steam  Navigation  Company  run  a  steamer 
monthly  between  San  Francisco  and  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado 
river.  Most  of  the  military  supplies  and  a  large  amount  of  citi- 
zen freight  are  brought  in  this  way,  and  many  passengers  go  and 
come  by  this  line.  The  time  between  the  mouth  of  the  river 
and  San  Francisco  is  ten  days. 


Railroads  and  Telegraphs. 

The  Texas  and  Pacific  Railroad  has  commenced  work  at  both 
ends  of  the  route.  The  road  will  run  across  Arizona  near  the 
thirty-second  parallel,  and  it  is  expected  that  it  will  be  completed 
within  four  years.  A  Telegraph  line  is  now  completed  to  the- 
principal  towns  of  Arizona,  connecting  with  the  Western  Union 
lines  at  San  Diego,  California. 


"28  ANCIENT   RUINS. 

Ancient    Ruins. 

Many  portions  of  the  Territory  are  covered  with  ruins,  which 
prove  conclusively  it  was  once  densely  populated  by  a  people 
far  in  advance,  in  point  of  civilization,  of  most  of  the  Indian 
tribes.  There  is  no  written  record  of  them,  and  it  is  only  a  mat- 
ter of  conjecture  who  and  what  they  were.  Occasionally  a  de- 
serted house  is  found  sufficiently  well  preserved  to  ascertain  the 
character  of  the  architecture.  The  walls  of  the  Casa  Grande, 
situated  on  the  Gila,  near  Sanford,  are  still  two  stories  above  the 
ground.  In  size  the  structure  is  about  30x60  feet;  the  walls 
save  thick  and  made  of  mud,  which  was  evidently  confined  and 
dried  as  it  was  built.  It  is  divided  into  many  small  rooms,  and 
the  partitions  are  also  made  of  mud.  The  floors  were  made  by 
placing  sticks  close  together  and  covering  them  with  cement. 
Around  and  near  the  Casa  Grande,  are  the  ruins  of  many  other 
buildings,  but  by  the  lapse  of  time  the  decay  ot  vegetation  lias 
formed  earth  and  nearly  covered  them,  and  all  that  now  marks 
the  place  where  once  a  stately  mansion  stood,  is  the  elevation  of 
the  ground.  Xear  the  Ancha  mountains  are  ruins  not  so  exten- 
sive, but  in  far  better  preservation  than  the  Casa  Grande,  and 
near  these  ruins  are  old  arastras,  for  the  reduction  of  silver  ores, 
which  indicate  that  this  old  people  were  not  unmindful  of  the 
root  of  all  evil.  On  the  Verde  river  are  immense  rooms  dug  in 
from  the  sides  of  high,  perpendicular  sandstone  banks,  that  can 
only  be  reached  with  ladders. 

Very  little  information  is  obtained  by  excavating  these  ruins. 
Pottery  of  an  excellent  quality,  and  ornamented  with  paint,  is 
found  everywhere,  and  occasionally  a  stone  ax  is  unearthedj 
but  nothing  to  indicate  that  they  were  a  warlike  people ;  on  the 
-contrary,  scarcely  an  implement  of  defense  can  be  found,  though 
there  are  reasons  to  believe  from  the  numerous  look-outs  or  places 
for  observation  to  be  seen  on  the  tops  of  hills  and  mountains,  and 
the  construction  of  their  houses,  that  they  had  enemies,  and  that 
they  were  constantly  on  the  alert  to  avoid  surprise ;  and  also, 
that  by  the  hands  of  these  enemies  they  perished.  It  is  not  im- 
probable that  the  Apaches  were  the  enemies  who  caused  their 
^destruction.  Indeed,  the  Apaches  have  a  legend  that  such  is 


MANUFACTURES.  2$ 

the  case.  During  the  past  year  I  opened  an  old  ruin  at  Pueblo 
Viejo,  on  the  upper  Gila,  and  found  the  bones  of  several  humais 
beings  within  ;  also  the  bones  of  a  number  of  domestic  animals. 
On  the  fire,  an  olla  (crockery  ware  \7essel)  was  found  with  the 
bones  of  a  fowl  in  it,  and  it  appeared  as  though  the  people 
within  had  resisted  an  attack  from  an  enemy,  and  had  finally 
been  murdered.  Shortly  after,  I  visited  a  ruin  in  Chino  valleyy 
twenty  miles  north  of  Prescott,  and  over  three  hundred  miles 
from  Pueblo  Yiejo,  and  there  found  that  Mr.  Banghart  had 
opened  a  ruin  on  his  farm.  In  it  he  found  the  bones  of  several 
human  beings,  five  adults  and  some  children,  and  the  evidences- 
were  unmistakable  that  the  inmates  had  died  by  violence,  as  the 
door  and  window  had  been  walled  up  with  stone,  evidently  to 
resist  a  hostile  foe.  The  subject  is  an  interesting  one,  and  it  is 
to  be  hoped  that  further  excavations  may  throw  more  light  upon 
the  subject.  The  ruins  of  towns,  farms  and  irrigating  canals 
that  are  to  be  seen  on  every  hand  over  this  vast  Territory*,  give 
abundant  proof  that  this  country  was  once  densely  inhabited, 
and  that  the  people  who  lived  here  maintained  themselves  by 
cultivating  the  soil.  Probably  that  is  about  all  we  shall  ever  know 
of  them.  Many  hieroglyphics  are  to  be  seen  on  rocks  in  differ- 
ent portions  of  the  Territory,  but  by  whom  made,  or  what  they 
mean,  no  one  knows. 

In  excavating  a  well  between  Tucson  and  the  Gila,  at  the 
depth  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet,  pottery  and  other  articles, 
the  same  as  are  found  in  the  vicinity  of  ruins,  were  iaken  out. 

Manufactures. 

The  opportunity  for  advantageously  engaging  in  the  manu- 
facture of  many  articles  used  and  consumed  in  the  Territory,  is 
inviting.  It  is  estimated  that  fourteen  thousand  boxes  of  soap 
is  consumed  annually  by  the  citizens,  exclusive  of  what  is  used 
by  the  army.  Nearly  all  the  material  necessary  to  make  this 
article  can  be  obtained  here  cheap,  and  a  saving  made  of  twelve- 
to  fifteen  cents  per  pound,  with  good  profits  to  the  producer. 
Hides  are  sold  at  seventy-five  cents  to  one  dollar  each.  All  ma- 
terials necessary  for  the  manufacture  of  leather  can  be  had  cheap: 


30  THE  INDIAN   TRIBES. 

and  the  quantity  of  leather  used  by  the  army  and  citizens, 
and  paid  for  at  an  extravagant  price,  is  very  great.  But  a  small 
portion  of  the  bacon  and  pork  used  in  the  Territory  is  produced 
here;  and  in  consequence  bacon  commands  thirty-five  cents  per 
pound.  The  best  we  have  is  made  here,  and  corn  is  selling  from 
two  and  a-half  to  three  cents  per  pound,  and  but  a  limited  mar- 
ket at  that.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  with  the  best  of  ranges 
for  hogs,  and  corn  at  this  price,  the  business  of  making  pork 
and  bacon  can  be  made  very  profitable.  Many  other  kinds  of 
business  might  be  enumerated  that  can  be  engaged  in  profitably 
which  seem  to  have  been  overlooked.  All  our  brooms  are  man- 
ufactured elsewhere  and  brought  here.  Large  numbers  are  used 
and  a  good  profit  could  be  made;  and  at  the  same  time  they 
<?ould  be  sold  at  a  less  price  than  they  could  be  brought  here  for. 
The  manufacture  of  woolen  goods  could  be  made  profitable  and 
of  great  value  to  the  Territory.  There  are  abundant  water 
powers,  and  with  the  thousands  of  sheep  now  coming  here  there 
will  be  plenty  of  wool.  The  manufacture  of  sugar  would 
prove  a  very  profitable  enterprise.  The  soil  and  climate  are  ad- 
mirably adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  sugar  cane  and  sugar  beets. 
"The  cost  of  manufacturing  sugar  need  not  be  greater  here 
than  in  California,  and  ten  cents  per  pound  more  could  be 
charged  for  it,  and  still  sell  it  for  less  than  it  can  be  purchased 
and  imported. 


The   Indian  Tribes. 

THE  APACHES. — These  Indians  are  divided  into  small  bands, 
and  are  governed  by  petty  chiefs  or  captains.  The  main  divis- 
ions of  the  Apaches  are  named  the  Coyoteros,  Finals,  Tontos, 
Apache-Mohaves,  and  what  is  known  as  Cochise's  tribe.  '  Each 
of  these  tribes  or  bands  has  more  or  less  divisions,  and  is  gov- 
erned, as  said  before,  by  the  petty  chiefs  or  captains  of  each 
band.  They  have  no  common  head,  and  when  the  chief  of  one 
of  these  bands  is  not  acceptable  to  his  people,  he  is  removed  and 
another  chosen  in  his  stead.  In  this  respect  they  are  republican. 
They  have  lived  principally  by  theft  and  such  supplies  as  they 


THE   INDIAN   TRIBES.  31 

could  obtain  from  the  natural  products  of  the  country,  as  far 
back  as  we  have  any  written  knowledge  of  them.  They  have 
levied  their  contributions  for  centuries  upon  Arizona,  New  Mex- 
ico, Sonora,  Chihuahua  and  Durango.  They  often  travel  hun- 
dreds of  miles  irom  their  mountain  homes  and  unexpectedly 
sally  forth  upon  a  settlement  to  murder,  burn  and  destroy  and 
capture  herds,  and  carry  into  captivity  women  and  children. 
There  are  many  Mexicans  now  with  them  who  were  stolen  when 
so  young  that  they  have  no  recollection  of  home  or  relations, 
while  many  were  taken  at  an  age  that  the  memory  of  father, 
mother,  brothers  and  sisters  could  never  be  effaced,  and  such 
embrace  every  opportunity  of  escape,  and  have  often  returned 
after  an  absence  of  from  ten  to  fifteen  years  to  gladden  the 
hearts  of  fond  relatives  who  had  never  ceased  to  mourn  their  sad 
fate.  The  tales  of  anguish  as  told  by  these  jfoor  people,  of  the 
long  years  of  captivity,  of  hardships  and  hunger,  of  fears  and 
hopes  for  life  and  liberty,  and  of  constantly  witnessing  the  mur- 
der and  torture  of  their  own  people,  are  heart-rending  in  the 
extreme.  The  Apaches  are  polygamists,  and  have  as  many 
wives  as  fancy  dictates,  or  as  they  can  induce  to  live  with  them. 
The  women  do  all  the  hard  labor,  and  are  often  treated  with 
great  severity  by  their  lords  and  masters.  They  have  no  matri- 
monial ceremony  to  celebrate  the  marriage  relation,  but  if  the 
bridegroom  be  possessed  of  any  property,  he  is  expected  to  give 
something  to  the  bride's  father  at  the  time  she  is  taken  from  the 
parental  roof.  After  marriage,  these  Indians  expect  and  de- 
mand fidelity  on  the  part  of  their  wives,  be  they  few  or  many; 
and  any  deviation  from  the  paths  of  virtue  is  punished  by  cut- 
ting off  the  nose.  The  writer  has  seen  a  number  of  their  women 
after  they  had  been  disfigured  in  this  way.  The  Apaches  are 
now  all  located  upon  Reservations,  except  a  few  renegades,  and 
the  number  of  this  class  are  rapidly  diminishing,  as  Gen.  Crook 
is  constantly  scouting  after  them,  and  very  soon,  if  they  do  not 
consent  to  come  upon  Reserves  and  live  at  peace,  they  will  all 
be  destroyed.  They  are  located  as  follows :  ^^nrro 

The  Apache-Mohaves  and  Tontos,  numbering  about  2,000, 
are  located  on  the  Verde.  They  have  so  far  been  fed  by  the 
Government,  but  Gen.  Crook  has  informed  them  that  they  must 


32  THE   INDIAN   TRIBES. 

work  and  earn  a  living  as  white  men  are  compelled  to  do,  and  it 
is  believed  the  coming  year  they  will  raise  most  of  their  own 
supplies.  They  have  abundance  of  good  agricultural  land  and 
a  splendid  grazing  section.  Gen.  Crook  has  purchased  horses 
for  them,  and  is  giving  them  every  encouragement  to  live  at 
peace,  and  it  is  believed  that  very  little  trouble  need  be  appre- 
hended from  them  in  the  future,  if  they  are  left  in  the  hands  of 
this  officer.  Dr.  Williams  has  charge  of  the  agency,  and  has 
acted  in  harmony  with  Gen.  Crook  to  keep  peace  and  prevent 
treachery.  The  White  Mountain  and  San  Carlos  Reservations 
have  recently  been  consolidated.  Major  Randall  has  charge  of 
the  troops,  and  Mr.  Roberts  has  charge  of  the  agency.  The 
Apaches  on  this  Reserve  number  about  3,000.  Both  the  agent 
and  officer  in  charge  of  the  troops  have  labored  with  zeal  and 
fidelity  to  advanae  the  best  interests  of  the  Apaches,  and  at  the 
same  time  prevent  them  from  committing  depredations  upon  the 
settlers.  A  few  have'  grone  from  the  Reserve  and  stolen  stock 
upon  several  occasions,  but  the  stock  has  been  promptly  taken 
from  them  and  the  offenders  have  been  punished.  They  have 
raised  considerable  corn  the  present  year,  and  it  is  believed  they 
will  soon  be  made  self-sustaining,  and  no  serious  troubles  are 
apprehended  from  them  in  the  future.  The  Wallapais  are  loca- 
ted at  Beal  Springs.  They  were  the  first  to  offer  assistance  to 
Gen.  Crook  to  conquer  or  compel  hostile  Indians  to  live  in  peace. 
They  number  about  800,  but  have  no  agricultural  lands  where 
they  are  located,  and  will  soon  have  to  be  removed  to  a  more 
productive  locality. 

The  Chiricahua  or  Cochise  Apaches  have  a  Reservation  ex- 
tending to  the  Sonora  line,  embracing  a  tract  of  country  about 
seventy  miles  square  in  the  southeast  corner  of  the  Territory. 
They  number  about  1,000,  and  probably  have  about  250  war-, 
riors.  The  Reservation  they  occupy  is  covered  with  grasp,  but 
has  little  agricultural  advantages,  and  is  well  adapted  for  the  use 
of  wild  Indians ;  but  a  more  inappropriate  place  could  not  be 
selected  for  teaching  them  the  arts  of  peace,  and  to  make  them 
self-sustaining.  These  Indians  were  urged  to  come  upon  the 
Reserve,  and  in  doing  so  they  made  their  own  terms.  They 
have  not  been  and  are  not  subject  to  military  control,  and  de- 


THE  INDIAN  TRIBES.  33 

clare  that  they  will  not  work;  for  their  own  support.  A  constant 
wail  has  come  from  Sonora  since  they  have  been  placed  upon  the 
Reserve,  and  it  is  charged  that  these  Indians  are  in  the  habit  of 
raiding  into  that  country  and  murdering  men,  women  and  chil- 
dren, and  taking  their  property  and  returning  again  to  the  Res- 
ervation for  safety  and  rest.  It  is  certain  that  during  the  past 
year  a  large  number  of  people  have  been  murdered  in  that  un- 
fortunate country  by  the  Apaches,  and  a  large  amount  of  prop- 
erty has  also  been  taken  by  them.  Some  of  the  horses  taken 
there  have  been  seen  on  the  Reserve,  in  possession  of  the  Apach- 
es, and  a  few  have  been  reclaimed.  The  Mexicans  charge  that 
the  trails  of  the  Apaches  invariably  lead  to  this  Reserve.  The 
only  fear  now  entertained  of  an  outbreak  by  the  Apaches,  comes 
from  this  Reserve.  It  is  feared  that  whenever  the  Government 
undertakes  to  compel  them  to  live  at  peace  with  all  the  world, 
and  to  contribute  to  their  own  support,  as  the  Apaches  on  the 
other  Reserves  are  compelled  to  do,  they  will  revolt;  but  should 
Gen.  Crook  be  given  charge,  as  he  has  been  of  others,  he  would 
soon  control  them,  and  no  serious  damage  would  result,  even  if 
they  did  revolt. 

THE  PIMAS  AND  MARICOPAS. — These  tribes  occupy  a  Reservation 
on  the  Gila  river,  about  two  hundred  miles  east  of  Arizona  City, 
and  number  about  four  thousand.  They  have  occupied  this 
locality  as  far  back  as  we  have  any  written  knowledge  of  them. 
Many  years  ago,  they  also  cultivated  fields  in  other  localities, 
though  not  far  distant  from  the  Reservation,  but  the  continued 
raids  made  upon  them  by  the  Apaches  compelled  them  for  self- 
protection  to  draw  their  settlements  close  together.  They  live 
in  round  huts,  made  by  placing  poles  ten  to  twelve  feet  long 
in  a  circle  of  ten  or  twelve  feet  in  diameter  at  the  bottom,  and 
pointed  together  at  the  top.  These  poles  are  then  covered  with 
hay  and  earth;  only  a  small  opening  is  left  for  a  door.  Their 
principal  occupation  is  agriculture  and  stock-raising.  Although 
their  mode  of  agriculture  is  rude,  still  they  raise  all  the  vege- 
tables, wheat,  barley  and  corn  necessary  for  use,  and  sell  an- 
nually about  two  million  pounds  of  wheat . 

Their  disputes  are  generally  settled  by  arbitration  or  a  council 
of  judges ;  and,  although  they  are  not  supposed  to  be  governed 


34  THE  INDIAN  TRIBES. 

or  influenced  by  the  common  law  of  England,  or  the  decisions  of 
eminent  jurists,  still  in  a  decision  made  recently  by  one  of  these 
tribunals  it  will  be  observed  that  if  the  decision  was  not  in  ac- 
cordance with  our  enlightened  practice,  the  reasoning  was  good. 
It  seems  that  a  man  and  his  wife,  having  but  one  child,  disa- 
greed, and  it  was  carried  to  such  an  extent  that  they  finally 
agreed  to  separate,  and  the  terms  were  all  amicably  arranged, 
except  as  to  who  should  have  the  child.  The  wife  plead  that 
the  tender  youth  needed  a  mother's  fostering  care — that  the  ten- 
drils of  affection  clung  more  closely  to  a  mother's  heart ;  but  the 
husband  insisted  that  it  required  his  strong  will  to  launch  the 
frail  bark  properly  on  the  stormy  sea  of  life.  The  difference  of 
opinion  was  finally  decided  to  be  irreconcilable,  and  the  case  was 
brought  before  the  council  of  judges.  Both  sides  plead  their 
case  with  all  the  ardor  of  parental  love,  and  each  showed  strong 
claims  for  the  custody  of  the  child.  The  judges  having  no  pre- 
cedents to  govern  them,  and  only  being  desirous  of  doing  right, 
were  sorely  perplexed,  and  hesitated  in  their  own  mind  which 
side  of  the  scales  had  the  most  weight.  Finally  an  old,  gray 
headed,  patriarchal  looking  fellow  arose  and  said  that  it  was  a 
certain  fact  and  admitted  by  all,  that  the  woman  was  the  mother 
of  the  child,  but  there  was  no  positive  evidence  showing  that  the 
man  was  his  father,  and  under  these  circumstances,  he  felt  con- 
strained to  give  the  child  to  the  mother.  This  decided  the  case, 
and  the  mother  was  awarded  the  child. 

Their  morals  are  not  good  ;  like  all  Indian  tribes  that  come  in 
contact  with  the  whites,  they  adopt  all  our  vices  and  few  of  our 
virtues.  Eev.  Mr.  Cook  has  established  a  school  among  them, 
and  seems  much  encouraged  in  the  progress  he  has  made  during 
the  brief  period  he  has  been  there.  If  an  earnest  Christian  de- 
sire to  elevate  and  educate  them  will  avail  anything,  then  he 
will  succeed. 

The  older  ones  are  generally  inclined  to  be  peaceable  and  law 
abiding  ;  but  many  of  the  young  men  are  indolent  and  commit 
frequent  depredations  upon  the  property  of  their  white  neigh- 
bors. A  better  control  will  have  to  be  exercised  over  them  or 
serious  trouble  may  result  from  their  overt  acts  of  lawlessness. 


AHE  INDIAN  TRIBES.  35 

The  Maricopas  occupy  the  lower  portion  ol  the  Pima  reserva- 
tion, and  in  habits  are  similar  in  every  respect  to  the  Pimas. 
They  are  friendly  with  the  whites  and  at  war  with  the  Apaches. 
They  formerly  were  a  part  of  the  Yuma  tribe,  but  many  years 
ago  a  feud  sprang  up  among  them,  and  they  were  driven  from 
the  Colorado  river  and  obliged  to  seek  a  new  home.  The  Pimas 
offered  them  a  part  of  their  reservation  and  it  was  accepted. 

THE  PAPAGOES. — These  Indians  occupy  a  section  of  country 
about  seventy  miles  south  from  the  Pima  reservation,  near  the 
Sonora  line,  and  in  fact  their  settlements  extend  -some  distance 
into  Sonora.  They  also  have  farming  lands  at  San  Xavier,  nine 
miles  south  of  Tucson,  where  they  raise  most  of  their  grain. 
They  speak  the  same  language  as  the  Pimas,  but  have  mostly 
embraced  the  Catholic  religion,  and  are  much  further  advanced 
in  civilization.  They  live  by  cultivating  the  soil  and  raising 
stock.  They  are  peaceable,  well-disposed,  and  have  never  asked 
for  or  received  much  assistance  from  the  Government.  They 
are  docile  and  kind  in  their  intercourse  with  the  people.  Many 
of  them  are  employed  by  farmers  and  stock-raisers,  and  are  con- 
sidered excellent  laborers.  Their  women  are  virtuous  and  in- 
dustrious. The  men,  like  most  Indians,  indulge  in  polygamy, 
and  sometimes  drink  too  much  liquor.  The  Government  has 
recently  built  a  school  house  for  the  education  of  their  children, 
at  San  Xavier,  and  the  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph  have  been  employed 
to  teach  the  school.  About  sixty  scholars  are  in  attendance  and 
are  making  good  progress. 

THE  YUMAS  AND  MOHAVES. — These  Indians  live  along  the 
Colorado  river  ;  are  and  have  been  for  some  time  at  peace  with 
the  whites.  They  have  a  large  reservation  set  apart  for  them  of 
good  land.  Dr.  Tonner,  the  Agent,  has  corrected  many  old 
abuses,  and  it  is  believed  that  they  can  soon  be  made  self-sus- 
taining. These  Indians  have  greatly  degenerated,  and  dissipa- 
tion and  loathsome  diseases  are  rapidly  doing  the  work  of  exter- 
mination, and  it  is  hardly  to  be  expected  that  Dr.  Tonner  can 
prevent  their  downward  tendency,  though  he  is  evidently  doing 
all  he  can  to  elevate  them. 


36  MILITABY . 

Schools. 

A  revenue  of  one-half  of  one  per  cent,  is  set  apart  from  the 
county  and  Territorial  funds  to  maintain  free  public  schools,  and 
with  the  sum  that  will  be  derived  from  this  source,  it  is  believed 
that  a  free  school  will  be  maintained  in  every  school  district  of 
the  Territory,  from  six  to  ten  months  during  each  year.  Good 
schools  under  the  management  of  competent  teachers  are  now  in 
operation. 

Military. 

The  Department  of  Arizona  is  under  the  command  of  General 
George  Crook ;  headquarters  at  Prescott. 

General  Crook  assumed  command  of  the  Department  in  June, 
1871,  and  immediately  took  the  field  in  person.  He  has  had  a 
long  experience  in  fighting  and  managing  Indians  on  our  fron- 
tier, and  has  invariably  crowned  his  efforts  with  success.  It  was 
for  this  reason  the  President  of  the  United  States,  agreeable  to 
the  wishes  of  every  friend  of  the  Territory,  placed  him  in  com- 
mand. He  is  brave  and  energetic  against  those  who  want  war, 
and  just  and  humane  towards  those  who  desire  peace.  In  this 
way  he  commands  the  love  and  confidence  of  the  latter,  and  soon 
convinces  the  former  that  it  is  useless  to  continue  the  contest. 
He  has  recently  been  appointed  Brigadier  General  by  the  Presi- 
dent, and  promotion  was  never  more  deserved  or  fairly  earned. 

GENERAL    CROOK'S    STAFF. 

Captain  A.  H.  Nickerson,  A.  D.  C.,  Acting  Adjutant  General. 

"Wm.  J.  Koss,  A.  D.  C. 

John  G.  Bourke,  A.  D.  C.,  Engineering  officer. 

DEPARTMENT    STAFF. 

Major  A.  "W.  Evans,  Acting  Assistant  Inspector  General. 
Captain  A.  F.  Rockwell,  Chief  Quartermaster. 
Captain  M.  P.  Small,  Chief  Commissary  of  Subsistence. 
Surgeon  David  L.  Magruder,  Medical  Director. 
Major  Charles  J.  Sprague,^Chief  Paymaster. 


FEDERAL   OFFICERS  OF   THE  TERRITORY.  37 

MILITARY    POSTS. 

Mohave,  on  the  Colorado  river,  three  hundred  miles  above 
Arizona  City,  Capt.  E.  F.  Thompson,  commanding. 

Camp  Yerde,  fifty  miles  east  of.Prescott,  Capt.  John  J.  Cop- 
pinger,  commanding 

Camp  Whipple,  at  Prescott,  Capt.  G.  A.  Goodale,  command- 
ing. 

Camp  Apache,  two  hundred  miles  northeast  of  Tucson,  Capt. 
Geo.  M.  Randall,  commanding. 

Camp  Bowie,  one  hundred  miles  east  of  Tucson,  on  the  Over- 
1  and  Road,  Major  Eugene  W.  Crittenden,  commanding. 

Camp  Lowell,  at  Tucson,  Lieut.  Col.  E.  A.  Carr,  commanding. 

Camp  Grant,  fifty  miles  north  of  Tucson,  Capt.  W.  H.  Brown, 
commanding. 

Camp  McDowell,  fifty  miles  north  of  Florence,  Major  O.  W. 
Pollock,  commanding. 

Federal  Officers  of  the  Territory. 

Delegate  in  Congress,  R.  C.  McCormick. 

Governor,  A.  P.  K.  S afford. 

Territorial  Secretary,  Coles  Bashford. 

Chief  Justice,  John  Titus. 

Associate  Justices,  C.  A.  Tweed,  Deforest  Porter. 

United  States  District  Attorney,  J.  E.  McCaffry. 

United  States  Marshal,  vacant. 

United  States  Surveyor  General,  John  Wasson. 

United  States  Depository,  C.  H.  Lord. 

United  States  Collector,  Thos.  Cordis. 

United  States  Collector  of  Customs,  J.  W.  Hopkins. 

United  States  Mail  Agent,  I.  N".  Dawley. 

UNITED    STATES   LAND   OFFICE   AT   PKESCOTT. 

Register,  W.  N.  Kelley. 
Receiver,  George  Lount. 

UNITED    STATES    LAND    OFFICE    AT    FLORENCE. 

Register,  Levi  Ruggles. 
Receiver,  M.  L.  Stiles. 


38  TAXATION — CHIMES. 

Territorial  Auditor,  A.  C.  Benedict. 
Territorial  Treasurer,  P .  K.  Tully. 
Territorial  Adjutant  General,  J.  S.  Yosburg. 
Territorial  Attorney  General,  L.  C.  Hughes. 

Territorial  Taxation  and  Finances. 

A  tax  of  twenty-five  cents  on  each  one  hundred  dollars  is  lev- 
ied for  the  purpose  of  paying  the  expenses  of  the  Territorial 
Government. 

January  1st,  1874,  the  Territory  was  out  of  debt  and  had  sur- 
plus in  the  treasury  of  $1,555  47.  None  of  the  revenue  of  1873 
had  yet  been  paid  in,  which  in  fact  makes  a  surplus,  after  pay- 
ing all  the  indebtedness  of  the  Territory,  of  the  above  named 
sum,  and  the  entire  revenue  of  J  873. 

Crimes.     , 

For  a  new  frontier  country,  Arizona  is  remarkably  free  from 
crime.  Mexican  outlaws  have  committed  some  depredations, 
and  the  facility  with  which  they  could  escape  to  Mexico,  made 
the  question  for  a  time  serious ;  but  by  vigilance  on  the  part  of 
officers  arid  citizens,  these  criminals  have  been  very  generally 
brought  to  justice,  and  no  serious  difficulty  is  now  apprehended 
from  them.  Yery  few  crimes  are  committed  of  the  lower  order, 
such  as  robbery,  theft,  etc.  The  people  having  been  long  ac- 
customed of  necessity  to  carrying  deadly  weapons,  have  in  the 
heat  of  excitement  made  more  frequent  use  of  them  than  in  the 
older  settled  countries ;  but  this  evil  is  rapidly  abating,  and  if 
intoxicating  liquors  were  not  used,  our  criminal  courts  would 
have  but  little  business.  A  careful  examination  of  the  causes 
that  have  brought  criminals  to  confinement  in  our  prisons,  shows 
that  nine-tenths  were  directly  or  indirectly  brought  there 
through  the  use  ot  ardent  spirits.  When  we  consider  that  no 
one  is  benefited  by  its  use,  except  for  medicinal  purposes,  and 
that  no  greater  evil  afflicts  the  human  family,  should  it  not  stim- 
ulate every  good  man.  and  woman  to  discountenance  its  use  as 
far  as  possible  ? 


